唐山港海雾的环境要素特征和环流背景分析

作者：龙强1 2  王洪峰2 3  米欣悦1 2  刘跃1 2  周义人1 2  张洁新2 4  刘爽5

单位：1. 唐山市曹妃甸区气象局, 河北 唐山 063200; 2. 河北省气象与生态环境重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050000; 3. 邯郸市气象局, 河北 邯郸 056000; 4. 乐亭县气象局, 河北 唐山 063600; 5. 唐山市气象局, 河北 唐山 063000

关键词：唐山港 海雾 能见度 环流 水汽

分类号：P732.1

出版年·卷·期（页码）：2023·40·第三期（45-55）

摘要：

利用唐山港2015—2019年海雾观测数据，综合美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）的2.5°×2.5°等压面资料和0.25°×0.25°的全球最终分析资料（FNL），分析了唐山港海雾的时间变化和海雾期间地面气象要素的特征，同时对海雾日数异常的年份和月份的环流形势、水汽条件进行对比分析。结果表明：海雾的发生具有明显的月变化和日变化特征，海雾集中出现在7月和10月—次年1月，且主要发生在凌晨—上午；风速在3级以内的偏南风和偏东风最有利于海雾的发生；当相对湿度超过90%时，唐山港的水平能见度很可能低于500 m；海雾发生期间水温大多低于20℃，水气温差超过5℃的情况约占一半；海雾发生在大气环流比较平直、近地层气压梯度小、风速整体偏弱的偏南风环境中，期间存在一个或多个逆温层，低空暖平流和弱垂直环流为大气增湿和逆温层的形成提供了有利条件；唐山港海雾的年际变化与副热带高压有关，强度大、西脊点西伸且脊线位置偏北的副热带高压更有利于热带洋面暖湿气流的向北输送，平流水汽遇到冷的下垫面易形成海雾，在这样的环流背景下唐山港海雾日数会偏多，反之则偏少。

Using the observation data of sea fog in Tangshan Port from 2015 to 2019, the reanalysis air pressure data from NCEP with a resolution of 2.5°×2.5°, and the FNL reanalysis data with a resolution of 0.25°×0.25°, the temporal variation of sea fog and the associated land surface meteorology characteristics in Tangshan Port are analyzed. Meanwhile the atmospheric circulation and water vapor conditions in years and months with abnormal sea fog days are studied. The results show that the occurrence of sea fog shows obvious time-dependence. Sea fog often occurs in middle night to morning during October to January, as well as in July. Southerly and easterly within level 3 benefit for the occurrence of sea fog. When the relative humidity exceeds 90%, the visibility of sea fog in Tangshan Port is likely shorter than 500 m. During the occurrence of sea fog, the water temperature is normally lower than 20 ℃, and the air-water temperature difference exceeding 5 ℃ accounts for about half of the cases. The sea fog occurs along with a weak southerly wind and with relatively flat air circulation, as well as small pressure gradient in the near surface layer, accompanied by one or more inversion layers. The low-level warm air advection and weak vertical circulation provide favorable conditions for atmospheric humidification and the formation of inversion layers. The interannual variation of sea fog in Tangshan port relates to the subtropical high. The subtropical high with large intensity, westward extension of the west ridge point and northward extension of the ridge line is more conducive to the northward transport of the warm and humid air flow from the tropical ocean. The advection water vapor is easy to form sea fog when encounters the cold underlying surface. Under such a circulation background, number of sea fog days in Tangshan Port is more, and vice versa.

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